Makalah English Syntax SUBJECT, PREDICATE AND PREDICATOR (Characteristics of Subject, Predicate, and Predicator)



Makalah English Syntax
SUBJECT, PREDICATE AND PREDICATOR
(Characteristics of Subject, Predicate, and Predicator)
This Paper is Writen to complete the assignment of SYNTAX lesson
that coordinating by Mrs. Nurlaila, S.Pd, M.Pd

Writen by :
Group I
               Abdul rajab 102304819
               Zulfahmi R 102304838
               Desi Novita 102304802
                 Dewiyani 102304814








TARBIYAH DEPARTMENT
STATE ISLAMIC COLLEGE OF MALIKUSSALEH LHOKSEUMAWE
2012/2013






CONTENTS

PREFACE............................................................................................................. i
CONTENTS......................................................................................................... ii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................ 1
1.1. Background.......................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER II. DEFINITION.............................................................................. 2
2.1  ......................................................................................................... 2
2.2  …………………………………………………………………….
2.3  ,……………………………………………………………………
2.4  ……………………………………………………………………..3
2.5  ……………………………………………………………………
2.6  ......................................................................................................... 4  
2.7  ……………………………………………………………………
2.8  …………………………………………………………………….
2.9  …………………………………………………………………….                   

CHAPTER III. CONCLUSION......................................................................... 8
REFERENCE....................................................................................................... 9




ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praise is only to Allah, the lord of the world. He has given us two big grasses such as Iman and Islam. Shalawat and salam to our prophet Muhammad SAW, who has shown us bright way to live in this world and here after. Shalawat and salam we send to his family, friends and all of his followers until the day of judgment.
This paper is submitted to the Tarbiyah Department STAIN Malikussaleh Lhokseumawe. In writing this paper, we faces many obstacles and challenges, but because of contribution from all of side and hard working, the writing of this paper finished.
We would like to thanks firstly to Allah and to our lecturer Mr. Afifuddin, S,Ag, and to all my friends and who has given us motivation and pray in writing this paper. We know that this paper have mistakes, both language and arrangement. We hope critic and suggestion from all the readers very much. In the future, we hope that we can correct our mistakes and do something better.
Finally, we go back to Allah, we hope that we always on Allah’s path and get happy in the world and here after. Amin Ya Rabbal Alamin.


Lhokseumawe,  June  2013








 


CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION


A.    Background of the paper
English sentences consist of predications (something is said, predicated), about a subject. The main grammatical divisions of a sentence are therefore the subject and the predicate.
Subject      the boy (who or what is being talked about)
Predicate   threw the ball into the water. (What is being said about the subject.)
The sentence may be further divided according to the function each word has in the subject-predicate relationship. Each of these functions is classified as a different part of speech. The word that form the central core of the sentence­ –around which all the other words “cluster”- are the parts of speech known as nouns (or pronoun) and verb; the word that modify the central core words are the parts of speech called adjectives and adverb; the words that show a particular kind of connecting relationship between these four parts of speech are called prepositions and conjunctions.
      The subject is the agent of the sentence in the active vice; its is the person or thing that performs or is responsible for action of the sentence, and it normally precedes the verb. Every sentence in English must have a subject.
      A predicating word, which expresses action or some other kind of event. This word is frequently followed by another word that completes the predication (called an object)






CHAPTER TWO
EXPLAINATION


A.    Subject

            A canonical clause consists of a Subject followed by a Predicate. Subject is noun or phrase which comes before a verb or predicate and which perform the action of that verb or is described by it. A basic element in every clause is the subject which is composed of a noun (N) any determiner (Det) or any modifiers (Adj., Adv. + Adj.). N – person, animal, place, thing, or concept.
Example:
            That boy repaired the chair.                 
            My sister bakes cookies every Sunday.
            Someone next door rang the bell.
            The Subject is mostly realized by a noun phrase, but there are other possibilities too, most importantly a subordinate clause:
a.       One of his friends called a doctor.                              (noun phrase as Subject)
b.      That he was lying was obvious.                        (subordinate clause as Subject)
            In canonical clauses describing an action the Subject will be associated with the semantic role of actor, or agent, as in (a). But many clauses don't express actions: we heard an explosion, for example, describes a sensory experience, and here the Subject is associated with the role of experience. There are numerous different kinds of semantic role that can be associated with the Subject: what the role is in a particular instance will depend on the meaning of the clause, especially of the verb.
            Meaning therefore does not provide a reliable way of identifying the Subject. But this function has a good few distinctive grammatical properties which together generally make it easy to identify. Here are some of them.
1.      Subjects are obligatory
My brother wears a green overcoat.
Wears a green overcoat is not a possible sentences.
2.      This constituent may consist of group of words whose most important element denote a person (my brother, that stupid boy, the police)
3.      Subject-Verb Inversion
In a declarative sentence, the Subject comes before the verb:
Declarative: David is unwell
When we change this into a yes/no interrogative, the Subject and the verb change places with each other. If an auxiliary verb is present, however, the subject changes places with the auxiliary:
Declarative: Jim has left already
Interrogative: Has Jim left already?
4.      Position of the Subject
      In a declarative sentence, the Subject is usually the first constituent:
                  Jim was in bed
                  Paul arrived too late for the party
                  The Mayor of New York attended the banquet
                  We made a donation to charity
      However, there are exceptions to this. For instance:
                  Yesterday the theatre was closed
            Here, the first constituent is the adverb phrase yesterday, but this is not the Subject of the sentence. Notice that the theatre, and not yesterday, inverts     with the verb in the interrogative:
      Declarative: Yesterday the theatre was closed
      Interrogative: Yesterday was the theatre closed?
      So the Subject here is the theatre, even though it is not the first constituent             in the sentence.
5.      Subjective Pronouns
The pronouns I, he/she/it, we, they, always function as Subjects, in contrast with me, him/her, us, them:
I left early                                      *Me left early
He left early                                  *Him left early
The pronoun you can also be a Subject: You left early.
6.      We can identify the Subject of the sentence by adding a so-called tag question to it. A tag question as he name implies, is a short question that is tagged onto a statement.
            This teacher is smart, isn’t she?
            The kids have arrived safely, haven’t they?
            Your brother can be serious, can’t he?


B.     PREDICATE

            The other basic and necessary element of a clause is a predicate. The predicate is a unit of a sentence which function is to specify what the subject engaged in doing. The Predicate is realized by a verb phrase (VP). The verb (V) may require an object (He gave a gift.)  and/or an indirect object (He gave me a gift.), or a predicative complement (It seems good.)  The predicate may also include other elements such as adverb phrase (AdvP) with one or more adverbs (Adv), a prepositional phrase (PP), or a clause, etc. Now we will look inside the Predicate, and assign functions to its constituents. Recall that the Predicate is everything apart from the Subject.

Example:
                The lady singing with a boy is.
            My boyfriend gave me a bucket of flower.
            Her son plays the piano.
            My younger sister drinks milk before she sleep.

            A predicate includes the verb, its complements, and may include adjuncts. Complement – a word, phrase or clause which is necessary in a sentence to complete its meaning (e.g., direct object, indirect object, or a predicative complement).
a.      Verb
Verb is word or phrase that describes an action, condition or experience. In formal terms, we refer to the verb as the PREDICATOR, because its function is to predicate or state something about the subject. Notice that Predicator is a functional term, while verb is a formal term:
Form
Function
Verb
Predicator

b.      Direct Object
Example: David plays the piano
In the sentence, the NP the piano is the constituent which undergoes the "action" of being played (by David as the Subject). We refer to this constituent as the direct object.
Here are some more examples of Direct Objects:
            We bought a new computer.
            I used to ride a motorbike.                                                                  The police interviewed all the witnesses.
We can usually identify the Direct Object by asking who or what was affected by the Subject. For example:
            We bought a new computer.                                                               Q: What did we buy?             A: A new computer ( = the Direct Object)
The Direct Object generally comes after the verb, just as the Subject generally comes before it. So in a declarative sentence, the usual pattern is:

   Subject – Verb – Direct Object

 

c.       Indirect Object
The Direct Object is most often realized by an NP, as in the examples above. However, this function can also be realized by a clause. If there is a indirect object of a sentence, then the indirect object is placed between the verb and direct object. If a possible sentence of indirect object, then the existence of direct object into something that is absolutely in the sentence. Because, the indirect object cannot exist without the direct object. But not as a direct object, direct object can stand without indirect.
Example:
                        I threw him the ball.
                        John gave the boys the CDs.
            My mother baked me a birthday cake.
d.      Adjunct
Adjunct is a word, phrase, or clause which is not necessary in a sentence to complete its meaning (example: an adverb, a preposition phrase).
a.       She spoke very clearly.                                   
                  (adverb phrase as Adjunct of manner)
b.      As a result of his action, he was fired.
                  (preposition phrase as Adjunct of reason)
c.       They left the country last week.
                  (noun phrase as Adjunct of time)


C.    PREDICATOR

            Her son plays the piano
            The Predicator is the function filled by the verb. The verb is the head of the verb phrase, and Predicator is the special term used for the Head of the verb phrase forming the Predicate of a clause. Thus above example play the piano is a verb phrase functioning as Predicate while play is a verb functioning as Predicator.
            Eric lost his keys yesterday.
            Recall that the Predicate in a sentence consists of everything but the Subject. Thus, in example Eric is the Subject and lost his keys yesterday is the Predicate. Inside the Predicate we distinguish the Predicator (the verb lose), the Direct Object (the NP his keys) and an Adjunct (the Noun Phrase yesterday).
            Predicates are Verb Phrases and Predicators are always main verbs. There is little variability as regards the realization of Predicates and Predicators.
















CHAPTER THREE
CONCLUTION

      A good sentence contains at least one subject and one verb. The subject is the agent of the sentence in the active vice; its is the person or thing that performs or is responsible for action of the sentence, and it normally precedes the verb. Every sentence in English must have a subject.
      A predicating word, which expresses action or some other kind of event. This word is frequently followed by another word that completes the predication (called an object). The predicate may also include other elements such as adverb phrase (AdvP) with one or more adverbs (Adv), a prepositional phrase (PP), or a clause, etc.
            Predicate in a sentence consists of everything but the Subject. Inside the Predicate we distinguish the Predicator (as verb), direct object (noun phrase), indirect object and adjunct (Noun Phrase). For example:
            That girl  bough  her mother  a bucket of flower  last evening.
                 S            V          I.O                    I.O                   Adjunct
            ______   pred.tor________________________________________
                 S                                         Predicate






A.    Function of Subject, Predicate, and predicator

            A canonical clause consists of a Subject followed by a Predicate. Subject is noun or phrase which comes before a verb or predicate and which perform the action of that verb or is described by it. A basic element in every clause is the subject which is composed of a noun (N) any determiner (Det) or any modifiers (Adj., Adv. + Adj.). N – person, animal, place, thing, or concept.
Example:
            That boy repaired the chair.                 
            My mother bakes cake every Sunday.
            Someone next door rang the bell.
The Subject is mostly realized by a noun phrase, but there are other possibilities too, most importantly a subordinate clause:
i.        One of his friends called a doctor.                              (noun phrase as Subject)
ii.      That he was lying was obvious.                        (subordinate clause as Subject)
            In canonical clauses describing an action the Subject will be associated with the semantic role of actor, or agent, as in [i]. But many clauses don't express actions: we heard an explosion, for example, describes a sensory experience, and here the Subject is associated with the role of experience. There are numerous different kinds of semantic role that can be associated with the Subject: what the role is in a particular instance will depend on the meaning of the clause, especially of the verb.
            Meaning therefore does not provide a reliable way of identifying the Subject. But this function has a good few distinctive grammatical properties which together generally make it easy to identify. Here are some of them.
1.      Subject s are obligatory
My brother wears a green overcoat.
wears a green overcoat is not a possible sentences.
2.      This constituent may consist of group of words whose most important element denote a person (my brother, that stupid boy, the police)
3.      Subject-Verb Inversion
In a declarative sentence, the Subject comes before the verb:
Declarative: David is unwell
When we change this into a yes/no interrogative, the Subject and the verb change places with each other. If an auxiliary verb is present, however, the subject changes places with the auxiliary:
Declarative: Jim has left already
Interrogative: Has Jim left already?
4.      Position of the Subject
      In a declarative sentence, the Subject is usually the first constituent:
                  Jim was in bed
                  Paul arrived too late for the party
                  The Mayor of New York attended the banquet
                  We made a donation to charity
      However, there are exceptions to this. For instance:
                  Yesterday the theatre was closed
      Here, the first constituent is the adverb phrase yesterday, but this is not the             Subject of the sentence. Notice that the theatre, and not yesterday, inverts           with the verb in the interrogative:
      Declarative: Yesterday the theatre was closed
      Interrogative: Yesterday was the theatre closed?
      So the Subject here is the theatre, even though it is not the first constituent             in the sentence.
5.      Subjective Pronouns
The pronouns I, he/she/it, we, they, always function as Subjects, in contrast with me, him/her, us, them:
I left early                                      *Me left early
He left early                                  *Him left early
The pronoun you can also be a Subject: You left early.
6.      We can identify the Subject of the sentence by adding a so-called tag question to it. A tag question as he name implies, is a short question that is tagged onto a statement.
            This teacher is genius, isn’t she?
            The kids have arrived safely, haven’t they?
            Your brother can be serious, can’t he?

PREDICATE
            The other basic and necessary element of a clause is a predicate. The predicate is a unit of a sentence which function is to specify what the subject engaged in doing. The Predicate is realized by a verb phrase (VP). The verb (V) may require an object (He gave a gift.)  and/or an indirect object (He gave me a gift.), or a predicative complement (It seems good.)  The predicate may also include other elements such as adverb phrase (AdvP) with one or more adverbs (Adv), a prepositional phrase (PP), or a clause, etc. Now we will look inside the Predicate, and assign functions to its constituents. Recall that the Predicate is everything apart from the Subject.
Example:
                The lady singing with a boy is.
            My boyfriend gave me a bucket of flower.
            Her son plays the piano.
            My younger sister drinks milk before she sleep.

A predicate includes the verb, its complements, and may include adjuncts. Complement – a word, phrase or clause which is necessary in a sentence to complete its meaning (e.g., direct object, indirect object, or a predicative complement).
a.      Verb
Verb is word or phrase that describes an action, condition or experience. In formal terms, we refer to the verb as the PREDICATOR, because its function is to predicate or state something about the subject. Notice that Predicator is a functional term, while verb is a formal term:
Form
Function
Verb
Predicator



b.      Direct object

Example: David plays the piano

In the sentence, the NP the piano is the constituent which undergoes the "action" of being played (by David as the Subject). We refer to this constituent as the DIRECT OBJECT.

Here are some more examples of Direct Objects:

            We bought a new computer.

            I used to ride a motorbike.

            The police interviewed all the witnesses.

We can usually identify the Direct Object by asking who or what was affected by the Subject. For example:

            We bought a new computer.

            Q: What did we buy?

            A: A new computer ( = the Direct Object)

The Direct Object generally comes after the verb, just as the Subject generally comes before it. So in a declarative sentence, the usual pattern is:

   Subject – Verb – Direct Object

 

c.       Indirect Object
The Direct Object is most often realized by an NP, as in the examples above. However, this function can also be realized by a clause. If there is a indirect object of a sentence, then the indirect object is placed between the verb and direct object. If a possible sentence of indirect object, then the existence of direct object into something that is absolutely in the sentence. Because, the indirect object cannot exist without the direct object. But not as a direct object,direct object can stand without indirect.
Example:
                        I threw him the ball.
                        John gave the boys the CDs.
            My mother baked me a birthday cake.
d.      Adjunct
Adjunct is a word, phrase, or clause which is not necessary in a sentence to complete its meaning (e.g, an adverb, a preposition phrase).
a.       She spoke very clearly.                                   
                  (adverb phrase as Adjunct of manner)
b.      As a result of his action, he was fired.
                  (prep phrase as Adjunct of reason)
c.       They left the country last week.
                  (noun phrase as Adjunct of time)


PREDICATOR
            Her son plays the piano
The Predicator is the function filled by the verb. The verb is the head of the verb phrase, and Predicator is the special term used for the Head of the verb phrase forming the Predicate of a clause. Thus above example play the piano is a verb phrase functioning as Predicate while play is a verb functioning as Predicator.

 







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