Makalah English Syntax SUBJECT, PREDICATE AND PREDICATOR (Characteristics of Subject, Predicate, and Predicator)
Makalah English Syntax
SUBJECT,
PREDICATE AND PREDICATOR
(Characteristics
of Subject, Predicate, and Predicator)
This
Paper is Writen to complete the assignment of SYNTAX lesson
that
coordinating by Mrs. Nurlaila, S.Pd, M.Pd
Writen by :
Group I
Abdul rajab 102304819
Zulfahmi R 102304838
Desi Novita 102304802
Dewiyani 102304814
TARBIYAH
DEPARTMENT
STATE
ISLAMIC COLLEGE OF MALIKUSSALEH LHOKSEUMAWE
2012/2013
PREFACE............................................................................................................. i
CONTENTS......................................................................................................... ii
CHAPTER
I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................ 1
1.1.
Background.......................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER
II. DEFINITION.............................................................................. 2
2.1 ......................................................................................................... 2
2.2 …………………………………………………………………….
2.3 ,……………………………………………………………………
2.4 ……………………………………………………………………..3
2.5 ……………………………………………………………………
2.6 ......................................................................................................... 4
2.7 ……………………………………………………………………
2.8 …………………………………………………………………….
2.9 …………………………………………………………………….
CHAPTER
III. CONCLUSION......................................................................... 8
REFERENCE....................................................................................................... 9
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All
praise is only to Allah, the lord of the world. He has given us two big grasses
such as Iman and Islam. Shalawat and salam to our prophet Muhammad SAW, who has
shown us bright way to live in this world and here after. Shalawat and salam we
send to his family, friends and all of his followers until the day of judgment.
This
paper is submitted to the Tarbiyah Department STAIN Malikussaleh Lhokseumawe.
In writing this paper, we faces many obstacles and challenges, but because of
contribution from all of side and hard working, the writing of this paper finished.
We
would like to thanks firstly to Allah and to our lecturer Mr. Afifuddin, S,Ag,
and to all my friends and who has given us motivation and pray in writing this
paper. We know that this paper have mistakes, both language and arrangement. We
hope critic and suggestion from all the readers very much. In the future, we
hope that we can correct our mistakes and do something better.
Finally,
we go back to Allah, we hope that we always on Allah’s path and get happy in
the world and here after. Amin Ya Rabbal Alamin.
Lhokseumawe,
June 2013
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background
of the paper
English
sentences consist of predications (something is said, predicated), about a subject. The main grammatical divisions of a
sentence are therefore the subject and the predicate.
Subject the
boy (who or what is being talked about)
Predicate threw the ball into the
water. (What is being said about the subject.)
The
sentence may be further divided according to the function each word has in the
subject-predicate relationship. Each of these functions is classified as a
different part of speech. The word that form the central core of the sentence
–around which all the other words “cluster”- are the parts of speech known as
nouns (or pronoun) and verb; the word that modify the central core words are
the parts of speech called adjectives and adverb; the words that show a
particular kind of connecting relationship between these four parts of speech
are called prepositions and conjunctions.
The subject is the agent of the sentence
in the active vice; its is the person or thing that performs or is responsible
for action of the sentence, and it normally precedes the verb. Every sentence
in English must have a subject.
A predicating word, which expresses action
or some other kind of event. This word is frequently followed by another word
that completes the predication (called an object)
CHAPTER TWO
EXPLAINATION
A. Subject
A canonical clause consists of a
Subject followed by a Predicate. Subject is noun or phrase which comes before a
verb or predicate and which perform the action of that verb or is described by it.
A basic element in every clause is the subject which is composed of a noun (N) any determiner (Det) or any modifiers (Adj., Adv. + Adj.). N – person, animal, place, thing, or
concept.
Example:
Example:
That boy repaired the chair.
My sister bakes cookies
every Sunday.
Someone next door rang
the bell.
The Subject is mostly realized by a
noun phrase, but there are other possibilities too, most importantly a
subordinate clause:
a.
One of his friends called a doctor. (noun phrase as Subject)
b.
That he was lying was obvious. (subordinate clause as Subject)
In canonical clauses describing an action
the Subject will be associated with the semantic role of actor, or agent, as in
(a). But many clauses don't express actions: we heard an explosion, for
example, describes a sensory experience, and here the Subject is associated
with the role of experience. There are numerous different kinds of semantic
role that can be associated with the Subject: what the role is in a particular
instance will depend on the meaning of the clause, especially of the verb.
Meaning therefore does not provide a
reliable way of identifying the Subject. But this function has a good few
distinctive grammatical properties which together generally make it easy to
identify. Here are some of them.
1. Subjects
are obligatory
My brother wears a green
overcoat.
Wears a green overcoat is not a possible
sentences.
2. This
constituent may consist of group of words whose most important element denote a
person (my brother, that stupid boy, the police)
3. Subject-Verb
Inversion
In a declarative sentence, the Subject comes before the
verb:
Declarative: David is unwell
When we change this into a yes/no interrogative, the
Subject and the verb change places with each other.
If an auxiliary verb is present,
however, the subject changes places with the auxiliary:
Declarative: Jim has left already
Interrogative: Has Jim left already?
Interrogative: Has Jim left already?
4.
Position
of the Subject
In a declarative
sentence, the Subject is usually the first constituent:
Jim was in bed
Paul arrived too late for the party
The Mayor of New York attended the banquet
We made a donation to charity
Paul arrived too late for the party
The Mayor of New York attended the banquet
We made a donation to charity
However, there
are exceptions to this. For instance:
Yesterday the theatre was
closed
Here, the
first constituent is the adverb phrase yesterday, but this is not the Subject
of the sentence. Notice that the theatre, and not yesterday,
inverts with the verb in the
interrogative:
Declarative: Yesterday the theatre was closed
Interrogative: Yesterday was the theatre closed?
Interrogative: Yesterday was the theatre closed?
So the Subject here is the theatre,
even though it is not the first constituent in
the sentence.
5. Subjective
Pronouns
The pronouns I, he/she/it, we,
they, always function as Subjects, in contrast with me, him/her, us,
them:
I
left early
*Me left early
He
left early
*Him left early
The pronoun you can also be a Subject: You
left early.
6. We
can identify the Subject of the sentence by adding a so-called tag question to it. A tag question as he
name implies, is a short question that is tagged onto a statement.
This
teacher is smart, isn’t she?
The
kids have arrived safely, haven’t they?
Your
brother can be serious, can’t he?
B.
PREDICATE
The other basic and necessary
element of a clause is a predicate. The predicate is a unit of a sentence which
function is to specify what the subject engaged in doing. The Predicate is
realized by a verb phrase (VP). The verb (V) may require an object (He gave a gift.)
and/or an indirect object (He gave me
a gift.), or a predicative complement (It seems good.) The predicate may
also include other elements such as adverb phrase (AdvP) with one or more
adverbs (Adv), a prepositional phrase (PP), or a clause, etc. Now we will look
inside the Predicate, and assign functions to its constituents. Recall that the
Predicate is everything apart from the Subject.
Example:
The lady singing with a boy is.
My boyfriend gave me a bucket of flower.
Her son plays the piano.
My
younger sister drinks milk before she
sleep.
A predicate includes the verb, its
complements, and may include adjuncts. Complement – a word, phrase or clause
which is necessary in a sentence to complete its meaning (e.g., direct object,
indirect object, or a predicative complement).
a.
Verb
Verb is word or phrase that describes an
action, condition or experience. In formal terms, we refer to the verb as the
PREDICATOR, because its function is to predicate or state something about the
subject. Notice that Predicator is a functional term, while verb is a formal
term:
|
Form
|
Function
|
|
Verb
|
Predicator
|
b.
Direct
Object
Example: David plays the piano
In the sentence, the NP the piano is the constituent which
undergoes the "action" of being played (by David as the Subject). We
refer to this constituent as the direct object.
Here are some more examples of Direct
Objects:
We
bought a new computer.
I
used to ride a motorbike. The police interviewed all the witnesses.
We can usually identify the Direct
Object by asking who or what was affected by the Subject. For example:
We
bought a new computer. Q: What did we buy? A: A new computer (
= the Direct Object)
The Direct Object generally comes
after the verb, just as the Subject generally comes before it. So in a
declarative sentence, the usual pattern is:
Subject – Verb – Direct Object |
c.
Indirect
Object
The Direct Object is most often realized
by an NP, as in the examples above. However, this function can also be realized
by a clause. If there
is a indirect object of a sentence, then
the indirect object is placed between the verb
and direct object. If a possible sentence of indirect object, then the existence of direct object into something that is absolutely in the sentence. Because, the indirect object cannot exist without the direct
object. But not as a direct object, direct object can stand without indirect.
Example:
I threw him the ball.
John gave the boys the CDs.
My mother baked me a birthday cake.
d.
Adjunct
Adjunct is a word, phrase, or clause
which is not necessary in a sentence to complete its meaning (example: an
adverb, a preposition phrase).
a. She
spoke very clearly.
(adverb phrase as Adjunct of manner)
b. As a result of his action,
he was fired.
(preposition phrase as Adjunct of reason)
c. They
left the country last week.
(noun
phrase as Adjunct of time)
C.
PREDICATOR
Her son plays the piano
The
Predicator is the function filled by the verb. The verb is the head of the verb
phrase, and Predicator is the special term used for the Head of the verb phrase
forming the Predicate of a clause. Thus above example play the piano is a verb phrase functioning as Predicate while play is a verb functioning as Predicator.
Eric lost his keys yesterday.
Recall that the Predicate in a
sentence consists of everything but the Subject. Thus, in example Eric is the
Subject and lost his keys yesterday
is the Predicate. Inside the Predicate we distinguish the Predicator (the verb lose), the Direct Object (the NP his keys) and an Adjunct (the Noun
Phrase yesterday).
Predicates are Verb Phrases and
Predicators are always main verbs. There is little variability as regards the realization
of Predicates and Predicators.
CHAPTER THREE
CONCLUTION
A good sentence contains at least one
subject and one verb. The subject is the agent of the sentence in the active
vice; its is the person or thing that performs or is responsible for action of
the sentence, and it normally precedes the verb. Every sentence in English must
have a subject.
A predicating word, which expresses action
or some other kind of event. This word is frequently followed by another word
that completes the predication (called an object). The predicate may also
include other elements such as adverb phrase (AdvP) with one or more adverbs
(Adv), a prepositional phrase (PP), or a clause, etc.
Predicate in a sentence consists of
everything but the Subject. Inside the Predicate we distinguish the Predicator
(as verb), direct object (noun phrase), indirect object and adjunct (Noun
Phrase). For example:
That girl bough her mother a bucket of flower last evening.
S V I.O I.O Adjunct
______ pred.tor________________________________________
S Predicate
A. Function of Subject, Predicate, and
predicator
A canonical clause consists of a
Subject followed by a Predicate. Subject is noun or phrase which comes before a
verb or predicate and which perform the action of that verb or is described by it.
A basic element in every clause is the subject which is composed of a noun (N) any determiner (Det) or any modifiers (Adj., Adv. + Adj.). N – person, animal, place, thing, or
concept.
Example:
Example:
That boy repaired the chair.
My mother bakes cake every
Sunday.
Someone next door rang
the bell.
The
Subject is mostly realized by a noun phrase, but there are other possibilities too,
most importantly a subordinate clause:
i.
One of his friends called a doctor. (noun phrase as Subject)
ii.
That he was lying was obvious. (subordinate clause as Subject)
In canonical clauses describing an action
the Subject will be associated with the semantic role of actor, or agent, as in
[i]. But many clauses don't express actions: we heard an explosion, for
example, describes a sensory experience, and here the Subject is associated
with the role of experience. There are numerous different kinds of semantic
role that can be associated with the Subject: what the role is in a particular
instance will depend on the meaning of the clause, especially of the verb.
Meaning therefore does not provide a
reliable way of identifying the Subject. But this function has a good few
distinctive grammatical properties which together generally make it easy to
identify. Here are some of them.
1. Subject
s are obligatory
My brother wears a green
overcoat.
wears a green overcoat is not a possible
sentences.
2. This
constituent may consist of group of words whose most important element denote a
person (my brother, that stupid boy, the police)
3. Subject-Verb
Inversion
In a declarative sentence, the Subject comes before the
verb:
Declarative: David is unwell
When we change this into a yes/no interrogative, the
Subject and the verb change places with each other.
If an auxiliary verb is present,
however, the subject changes places with the auxiliary:
Declarative: Jim has left already
Interrogative: Has Jim left already?
Interrogative: Has Jim left already?
4.
Position
of the Subject
In a declarative
sentence, the Subject is usually the first constituent:
Jim was in bed
Paul arrived too late for the party
The Mayor of New York attended the banquet
We made a donation to charity
Paul arrived too late for the party
The Mayor of New York attended the banquet
We made a donation to charity
However, there
are exceptions to this. For instance:
Yesterday the theatre was
closed
Here, the first constituent is the adverb
phrase yesterday, but this is not the Subject
of the sentence. Notice that the theatre, and not yesterday,
inverts with the verb in the
interrogative:
Declarative: Yesterday the theatre was closed
Interrogative: Yesterday was the theatre closed?
Interrogative: Yesterday was the theatre closed?
So the Subject here is the theatre,
even though it is not the first constituent in
the sentence.
5. Subjective
Pronouns
The pronouns I, he/she/it, we,
they, always function as Subjects, in contrast with me, him/her, us,
them:
I
left early
*Me left early
He
left early
*Him left early
The pronoun you can also be a Subject: You
left early.
6. We
can identify the Subject of the sentence by adding a so-called tag question to it. A tag question as he
name implies, is a short question that is tagged onto a statement.
This
teacher is genius, isn’t she?
The
kids have arrived safely, haven’t they?
Your
brother can be serious, can’t he?
PREDICATE
The other basic and necessary
element of a clause is a predicate. The predicate is a unit of a sentence which
function is to specify what the subject engaged in doing. The Predicate is
realized by a verb phrase (VP). The verb (V) may require an object (He gave a gift.)
and/or an indirect object (He gave me
a gift.), or a predicative complement (It seems good.) The predicate may
also include other elements such as adverb phrase (AdvP) with one or more
adverbs (Adv), a prepositional phrase (PP), or a clause, etc. Now we will look
inside the Predicate, and assign functions to its constituents. Recall that the
Predicate is everything apart from the Subject.
Example:
The lady singing with a boy is.
My boyfriend gave me a bucket of flower.
Her son plays the piano.
My
younger sister drinks milk before she
sleep.
A
predicate includes the verb, its complements, and may include adjuncts. Complement
– a word, phrase or clause which is necessary in a sentence to complete its
meaning (e.g., direct object, indirect object, or a predicative complement).
a.
Verb
Verb is word or phrase that describes an
action, condition or experience. In formal terms, we refer to the verb as the
PREDICATOR, because its function is to predicate or state something about the
subject. Notice that Predicator is a functional term, while verb is a formal
term:
|
Form
|
Function
|
|
Verb
|
Predicator
|
b.
Direct object
Example: David plays the piano
In the sentence, the NP the piano is the constituent which undergoes the "action" of being played (by David as the Subject). We refer to this constituent as the DIRECT OBJECT.
Here are some more examples of Direct Objects:
We bought a new computer.
I used to ride a motorbike.
The police interviewed all the witnesses.
We can usually identify the Direct Object by asking who or what was affected by the Subject. For example:
We bought a new computer.
Q: What did we buy?
A: A new computer ( = the Direct Object)
The Direct Object generally comes after the verb, just as the Subject generally comes before it. So in a declarative sentence, the usual pattern is:
Subject – Verb – Direct Object |
c.
Indirect
Object
The Direct Object is most often realized
by an NP, as in the examples above. However, this function can also be realized
by a clause. If there
is a indirect object of a sentence, then
the indirect object is placed between the verb
and direct object. If a possible sentence of indirect object, then the existence of direct object into something that is absolutely in the sentence. Because, the indirect object cannot exist without the direct
object. But not as a direct object,direct object can stand without indirect.
Example:
I threw him the ball.
John gave the boys the CDs.
My mother baked me a birthday cake.
d.
Adjunct
Adjunct is a word, phrase, or clause
which is not necessary in a sentence to complete its meaning (e.g, an adverb, a
preposition phrase).
a. She
spoke very clearly.
(adverb phrase as Adjunct of manner)
b. As a result of his action,
he was fired.
(prep phrase as Adjunct of reason)
c. They
left the country last week.
(noun
phrase as Adjunct of time)
PREDICATOR
Her son plays the piano
The Predicator is the function filled by
the verb. The verb is the head of the verb phrase, and Predicator is the
special term used for the Head of the verb phrase forming the Predicate of a
clause. Thus above example play the piano
is a verb phrase functioning as Predicate while play is a verb functioning as Predicator.
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